Biomimetic chitosan with biocomposite nanomaterials for bone tissue repair and regeneration

• Se-Kwon Kim,
• Sesha Subramanian Murugan,
• Pandurang Appana Dalavi,
• Sebanti Gupta,
• Sukumaran Anil,
• Gi Hun Seong and
• Jayachandran Venkatesan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1051–1067, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.92

• role in the controlled release of AgNPs at the implanted site and also behave as biocompatible scaffolds. Wang et al. (2019) developed a system containing hydroxyapatite and silver-based composites and electrodeposited those onto titanium implants and chitosan to regulate silver ion and calcium ion

• release [110]. Silver and antibiotic drugs were mixed into the biocomposite containing chitosan, graphene oxide, and hydroxyapatite. Furthermore, using one-step electrodeposition, biocomposites were coated on titanium. It has been discovered that the addition of graphene oxide and chitosan improves

Silver nanoparticles nucleated in NaOH-treated halloysite: a potential antimicrobial material

• Yuri B. Matos,
• Rodrigo S. Romanus,
• Mattheus Torquato,
• Edgar H. de Souza,
• Rodrigo L. Villanova,
• Marlene Soares and
• Emilson R. Viana

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 798–807, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.63

• of the top ten threats to public health [1]. Antimicrobial nanomaterials are one of the most promising antibiotic-free alternatives for many applications. Among them are metallic nanoparticles, which could be potent inorganic antimicrobial agents through ion release and the capability to rupture the

The preparation temperature influences the physicochemical nature and activity of nanoceria

• Robert A. Yokel,
• Wendel Wohlleben,
• Johannes Georg Keller,
• Matthew L. Hancock,
• Jason M. Unrine,
• D. Allan Butterfield and
• Eric A. Grulke

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 525–540, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.43

• . Nanoceria dissolution releases Ce3+ ions, which, with phosphate, form insoluble cerium phosphate in vivo. The addition of immobilized phosphates did not accelerate nanoceria dissolution, suggesting that the Ce3+ ion release during nanoceria dissolution was phosphate-independent. Smaller particles resulting

Characterization, bio-uptake and toxicity of polymer-coated silver nanoparticles and their interaction with human peripheral blood mononuclear cells

• Sahar Pourhoseini,
• Reilly T. Enos,
• Angela E. Murphy,
• Bo Cai and
• Jamie R. Lead

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 282–294, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.23

• of PVP-coated AgNPs was limited in biological media [40][41][42][43][44]. Dissolved oxygen in the solutions tend to oxidize AgNPs resulting in Ag ion release from the NP surface [45] and this was partially observed here. It has been suggested that the toxicity of Ag is linked to Ag ion release and

Effect of different silica coatings on the toxicity of upconversion nanoparticles on RAW 264.7 macrophage cells

• Cynthia Kembuan,
• Helena Oliveira and
• Christina Graf

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 35–48, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.3

• : cytotoxicity; ion release; RAW 264.7 macrophage cell line; silica coating; upconversion nanoparticles; Introduction Upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) convert excitation radiation with long wavelengths to a short-wavelength emission. Since biological molecules do not have an upconversion mechanism, imaging

• degrees of the samples in RAW 264.7 cells (the cytotoxicity of the samples was dose-dependent) and by the flow cytometry results (see below). Ion release experiments For the investigation of released lanthanide ions, UC@thin_NH2 and UC@thick_NH2, as representative samples of thin- and thick-shelled

• , it can be assumed that the lanthanide ions will also bind to these mentioned compounds. Therefore, a quantitative analysis of ion release was not performed in DMEM. Table 2 shows the percentages of filtered ions detected by ICP-OES after 24 h of redispersion in water. Supporting Information File 1

Antimicrobial metal-based nanoparticles: a review on their synthesis, types and antimicrobial action

• Matías Guerrero Correa,
• Fernanda B. Martínez,
• Cristian Patiño Vidal,
• Camilo Streitt,
• Juan Escrig and
• Carol Lopez de Dicastillo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1450–1469, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.129

• simpler way without major equipment requirements. Mechanisms of antimicrobial action The exact antibacterial mechanisms of NPs are being exhaustively investigated and some processes have been elucidated, including oxidative stress induction, metal ion release, and non-oxidative damage, which affect

• bacteria in the presence of MeO NPs have confirmed that oxidative damage and metal ion release are not exclusive antimicrobial mechanisms [155]. Critical cellular processes related to the proteins, including amino acid, carbohydrate, and nucleotide metabolisms, are significantly reduced, leading to cell

• death. The combination of oxidative stress, metal ion release, and non-oxidative damage affects cell structures upon NP exposure in several ways. In the following sections, these cell damage cases will be briefly explained. Cell wall damage The bacterial cell wall provides rigidity, shape, and

Photothermally active nanoparticles as a promising tool for eliminating bacteria and biofilms

• Mykola Borzenkov,
• Piersandro Pallavicini,
• Angelo Taglietti,
• Laura D’Alfonso,
• Maddalena Collini and
• Giuseppe Chirico

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1134–1146, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.98

• range [70]. The fabricated materials demonstrated a strong antibacterial activity, which is based mainly on two different mechanisms: the silver ion release and photothermal-induced hyperthermia under NIR laser irradiation. Later, it was shown that similar silver nanoparticles (i.e., nanoplates) could

• the hybrid nature of these nanomaterials, the photothermal action can be synergistically coupled with an antibacterial ion release, antibiotic release or with photocatalytic reactions, leading to the generation of reactive oxygen species (i.e., photodynamic action). In this review we have briefly

Applications of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles in drug and therapeutic delivery, and biotechnological advancements

• Maria Suciu,
• Corina M. Ionescu,
• Alexandra Ciorita,
• Septimiu C. Tripon,
• Dragos Nica,
• Hani Al-Salami and
• Lucian Barbu-Tudoran

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1092–1109, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.94

• -dimethylacrylamide) that combined with tocopherol acetate would lead to the release of Fe ions from the nanoparticle core with high antitumor activity. They showed that their treatment combination produces Fe ions and lipid peroxidation in vitro. However, in vivo the tumor reduction was determined by the Fe ion

• release and not by the lipid peroxidation. Lee et al. [123] synthesized SPIONs functionalized with dopamine and lactobionic acid for MRI and nuclear imaging of the liver. They showed that their formulation targets hepatic cells in vitro and is endocytosed within two hours. In vivo, SPIONs were mainly

Toxicity and safety study of silver and gold nanoparticles functionalized with cysteine and glutathione

• Barbara Pem,
• Igor M. Pongrac,
• Lea Ulm,
• Ivan Pavičić,
• Valerije Vrček,
• Darija Domazet Jurašin,
• Marija Ljubojević,
• Adela Krivohlavek and
• Ivana Vinković Vrček

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1802–1817, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.175

• concentration of 25 mg Ag L−1 would release only 0.2 mg Ag+ L−1 in the cell culture media, the concentration of ionic Ag that is non-toxic to L929 cells. Thus, the toxicity mechanism is much more complicated than a simple metal ion release in cell culture media. The cellular internalization of NPs by active

BN/Ag hybrid nanomaterials with petal-like surfaces as catalysts and antibacterial agents

• Konstantin L. Firestein,
• Denis V. Leybo,
• Alexander E. Steinman,
• Andrey M. Kovalskii,
• Andrei T. Matveev,
• Anton M. Manakhov,
• Irina V. Sukhorukova,
• Pavel V. Slukin,
• Nadezda K. Fursova,
• Sergey G. Ignatov,
• Dmitri V. Golberg and
• Dmitry V. Shtansky

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 250–261, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.27

• spectroscopy (XPS), and infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). They were also characterized in terms of thermal stability, Ag+ ion release, catalytic and antibacterial activities. The materials synthesized via UV decomposition of AgNO3 demonstrated a much better catalytic activity in comparison to those prepared using

• ) decomposition of AgNO3 in a suspension of BN NPs. Both methods resulted in partial oxidation of Ag during processing. Then, the obtained materials have been characterized in terms of their microstructures, thermal stability, Ag+ ion release, and catalytic and antibacterial activities. Results and Discussion

• products somehow affect the size of Ag NPs. Thus, additional studies are needed to uncover the exact Ag NP growth mechanism. Finally note that the “pompon”-like structure of BN NPs was fully preserved after catalytic activity tests. Ag+ ion release Figure 8 compares the results of Ag+ ion release from BN

Tight junction between endothelial cells: the interaction between nanoparticles and blood vessels

• Yue Zhang and
• Wan-Xi Yang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 675–684, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.60

• ion release from NPs is to be discussed as well. In an article about the function of several inorganic elements in angiogenesis, Cr, Si, Zn, and Cu ions [74] showed certain connections with several important matters related to the phosphorylation of claudins or occludins. Cr(VI) ions could induce the

Interaction of dermatologically relevant nanoparticles with skin cells and skin

• Annika Vogt,
• Fiorenza Rancan,
• Sebastian Ahlberg,
• Berouz Nazemi,
• Chun Sik Choe,
• Maxim E. Darvin,
• Sabrina Hadam,
• Ulrike Blume-Peytavi,
• Kateryna Loza,
• Jörg Diendorf,
• Matthias Epple,
• Christina Graf,
• Eckart Rühl,
• Martina C. Meinke and
• Jürgen Lademann

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 2363–2373, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.245

• found in patients with inflammatory skin diseases, structural defects of the barrier and open wounds or barrier dysfunction in response to excessive sunlight exposure. We show that toxic effects of particles per se have to be differentiated from secondary effects, e.g., ion release from silver particles

Effect of silver nanoparticles on human mesenchymal stem cell differentiation

• Christina Sengstock,
• Jörg Diendorf,
• Matthias Epple,
• Thomas A. Schildhauer and
• Manfred Köller

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 2058–2069, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.214

• higher for silver ions than for Ag-NP; however, the biological effects induced by both nanoparticulate and ionic silver occurred in the same respective concentration ranges for eukaryotic cells and microorganisms [17][18][19]. We and others have studied the mechanisms underlying silver ion release from

• nanoparticles [20][21]. The release of silver ions seems to involve a cooperative oxidation process that requires both dissolved dioxygen and protons. The ion release rates increase with temperature in the range of 0–37 °C and decrease with increasing pH [21][22]. However, the presence of ligands (such as SO42

PVP-coated, negatively charged silver nanoparticles: A multi-center study of their physicochemical characteristics, cell culture and in vivo experiments

• Sebastian Ahlberg,
• Alexandra Antonopulos,
• Jörg Diendorf,
• Ralf Dringen,
• Matthias Epple,
• Rebekka Flöck,
• Wolfgang Goedecke,
• Christina Graf,
• Nadine Haberl,
• Jens Helmlinger,
• Fabian Herzog,
• Frederike Heuer,
• Stephanie Hirn,
• Christian Johannes,
• Stefanie Kittler,
• Manfred Köller,
• Katrin Korn,
• Wolfgang G. Kreyling,
• Fritz Krombach,
• Jürgen Lademann,
• Kateryna Loza,
• Eva M. Luther,
• Marcelina Malissek,
• Martina C. Meinke,
• Daniel Nordmeyer,
• Anne Pailliart,
• Jörg Raabe,
• Fiorenza Rancan,
• Barbara Rothen-Rutishauser,
• Eckart Rühl,
• Carsten Schleh,
• Andreas Seibel,
• Christina Sengstock,
• Lennart Treuel,
• Annika Vogt,
• Katrin Weber and
• Reinhard Zellner

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1944–1965, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.205

Current state of laser synthesis of metal and alloy nanoparticles as ligand-free reference materials for nano-toxicological assays

• Christoph Rehbock,
• Jurij Jakobi,
• Lisa Gamrad,
• Selina van der Meer,
• Daniela Tiedemann,
• Ulrike Taylor,
• Wilfried Kues,
• Detlef Rath and
• Stephan Barcikowski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1523–1541, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.165

• particles closely resembled bulk implant material. Finally, the model AuAg was used to systematically evaluate composition related toxicological effects of alloy nanoparticles. Here Ag+ ion release is identified as the most probable mechanism of toxicity when recent toxicological studies with gametes

• species [33][36], and cannot originate from the material itself, like the ion release from nanoparticles composed of less noble materials. The fabrication of gold nanoparticles by PLAL has been extensively examined in numerous studies, while ablation may be performed in aqueous media [37][38][39] as well

• formation of ZnO-SMS [71]. However, the reader should note that in case of ZnO, biocompatibility of these SMS may be further compromised due to the possibility of elevated Zn2+ ion release upon laser irradiation. Zn2+ ions are known to have adverse effects on biological systems by chelating biomolecules and

In vitro interaction of colloidal nanoparticles with mammalian cells: What have we learned thus far?

• Moritz Nazarenus,
• Qian Zhang,
• Mahmoud G. Soliman,
• Pablo del Pino,
• Beatriz Pelaz,
• Susana Carregal-Romero,
• Joanna Rejman,
• Barbara Rothen-Rutishauser,
• Martin J. D. Clift,
• Reinhard Zellner,
• G. Ulrich Nienhaus,
• James B. Delehanty,
• Igor L. Medintz and
• Wolfgang J. Parak

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1477–1490, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.161

• effects can result from the NPs themselves (e.g., by their catalytic surface or by their organic coating, such as in the case of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), a surfactant commonly used to synthesize gold nanorods) or by ions released from the NPs [154][155]. Ion release from certain materials

Direct nanoscale observations of the coupled dissolution of calcite and dolomite and the precipitation of gypsum

• Francesco G. Offeddu,
• Jordi Cama,
• Josep M. Soler and
• Christine V. Putnis

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1245–1253, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.138

• growth rates at the pH range studied. Gypsum precipitation ceased as Ca release from calcite dissolution stopped. This was most likely because calcite dissolution stopped as either the entire calcite surface was totally passivated impeding ion release through the gypsum layer, or because equilibrium with

Injection of ligand-free gold and silver nanoparticles into murine embryos does not impact pre-implantation development

• Ulrike Taylor,
• Wiebke Garrels,
• Annette Barchanski,
• Svea Peterson,
• Laszlo Sajti,
• Andrea Lucas-Hahn,
• Lisa Gamrad,
• Ulrich Baulain,
• Sabine Klein,
• Wilfried A. Kues,
• Stephan Barcikowski and
• Detlef Rath

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 677–688, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.80

• toxic properties might change if the bulk material is converted to nanoscale. AuNP and AgNP can be viewed as being positioned on the opposite end of the spectrum concerning the ion release rate and the hazardous potential of the related metal ions, with gold assumed to be relatively bio-inert compared

• µg/mL] AgNP dispersion was added to a blastomere with a volume of 90 pL [56]. The chosen concentration of Ag+-ions was approximated based on previously reported ion release kinetics of silver colloids in aqueous solution [57]. Control co-incubations of embryos with equimolar KNO3 showed no effect